Online Education

(Redirected from Online learning in Higher Education)

Online learning involves courses offered by postsecondary institutions that are 199% virtual, excluding massively open online courses (MOOCs). Online learning, or virtual classes offered over the internet, is contrasted with traditional courses taken in a brick-and-mortar school building. It is the newest development in distance education that began in the mid-1990s with the spread of the internet and the World Wide Web. Learner experience is typically asynchronous, but may also incorporate synchronous elements. The vast majority of institutions utilize a Learning Management System for the administration of online courses. As theories of distance education evolve, digital technologies to support learning and pedagogy continue to transform as well.

History[edit]

The first correspondence courses began in the 1800s using parcel post to reach students who couldn't be on a university campus.[1] By the early 1900s, communication technologies improved and distance education took to the radio waves. In 1919 professors at the University of Wisconsin began an amateur radio station, becoming the first licensed radio station dedicated to educational broadcasting.[1] Soon after, access to higher education was again expanded through the invention of the television; giving birth to what was known as the telecourse. The University of Iowa began to experiment with television for educational purposes in the 1930s. It was not until the 1950s, when the FCC began to reserve television frequencies for educational purposes, that telecourses caught the attention of the public. The value of television for education was furthered by the establishment of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) in 1967. The CPB mission was 'to encourage the growth and development of public radio and television broadcasting, including the use of such media for instructional, educational, and cultural purposes' (as cited in,[1] p. 27).

Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

Online learning emerged in 1982 when the Western Behavioral Sciences Institute in La Jolla, California opened its School of Management and Strategic Studies. The School employed computer conferencing to deliver a distance education program to business executives.[2] In 1989 the University of Phoenix began offering education programs through the internet. In 1993 with the debut of the first Internet web browser, created by the University of Illinois, online learning began to flourish.[3] In 1998, the first fully online programs were founded: New York University Online, Western Governor's University, the California Virtual University[3] and Trident University International.[4][5]

The Educational Technology Leadership Program, through the Graduate School of Education and Human Development at The George Washington University, offered a Masters degree beginning in 1992. The program, developed by Dr. William Lynch, originally delivered course content in association with Jones Intercable's Mind Extension University (ME/U). Classes were broadcast via satellite late at night, and student communicated through a Bulletin Board system. Their first cohort graduated in May, 1994. By early 1996, Bill Robie transitioned the ETL Program to the Internet where the graduate degree program was offered completely online. He assembled a set of web-based tools and HTML pages that allowed asynchronous communication among students and faculty, the delivery of lectures, drop boxes for assignments, and other features that have since become the core toolkit for course management systems.[6][7]

  • Online education is not a new phenomenon. It has its roots in distance education and the emergence of digital technologies that facilitate the efficient and reliable delivery of lectures, virtual classroom sessions, and other instructional materials and activities via the Internet.
  • K12 is a trusted provider of online learning for many virtual public schools, as well as homeschooling. Take charge of your child’s education & enroll now.
  • Earn a degree from a leading university Fit learning around your life with an online degree from a leading university. From undergraduate to postgraduate degrees, find the right degree to suit you.
  • Demonstrating your knowledge is a critical part of learning. EdX courses and programs provide a space to practice with quizzes, open response assessments, virtual environments, and more.

In 2000 only 8% of students were enrolled in an online course, but by 2008 enrollment had increased to 20%.[8] The expansion of online education has not slowed either; by the fall of 2013 nearly 30% of all postsecondary students were enrolled in some kind of distance education course.[9] Although the data on online course and program completion are complex,[10] researchers have noted high rates of attrition (ranging from 20%-50%) among students enrolled in online courses compared to those who take traditional face-to-face courses.[11]

In 2020, the global coronavirus pandemic prompted many universities to hastily transition to online learning in lieu of holding classes in person.[12][13][14][15]

Online operators (methods of delivery)[edit]

Given the improvements in delivery methods, online learning environments provide a greater degree of flexibility than traditional classroom settings.[16][17] Online platforms can also offer more diverse representations of student populations as learners prepare for working in the twenty-first century.[18] The diversity comes from interacting with students outside of one's geographical location, possibly offering a variety of perspectives on course content.[18] The courses themselves can also incorporate a wider range of available learning technologies.[19] Courses offered completely online are primarily delivered in an asynchronous learning or synchronous learning format.

Asynchronous learning environments are described as online spaces where work is supported through the use of digital platforms in such a way that participants are not required to be online at the same time.[20][21] Threaded discussions, e-mail, and telephone calls are options of asynchronous delivery.[22] This gives meaning to the anytime-anywhere appeal of online learning.[23] A benefit of asynchronous learning is the learner having more time to generate content-related responses to the instructor and peer postings; they have time to find facts to back their written statements.[20] The additional time provides an opportunity to increase the learner's ability to process information.[20] The spelling and grammar within postings of an asynchronous environment are like that found in formal academic writing.[24] On the other hand, one of the main limitations of this delivery method is the greater potential for a learner to feel removed from the learning environment. Asynchronous learning is viewed as less social in nature and can cause the learner to feel isolated.[20] Providing the student a feeling of belonging to the university or institution will assist with feelings of isolation; this can be done through ensuring links to university support systems and the library are accessible and operable.[22]

Synchronous learning environments most closely resemble face-to-face learning.[16][21] Synchronous learning takes place through digital platforms where the learners are utilizing the online media at the same time. When compared to asynchronous learning, synchronous online environments provide a greater sense of feeling supported, as the exchange of text or voice is immediate and feels more like a conversation.[16] If platforms such as web conferencing or video chat are used, learners are able to hear the tone of voice used by others which may allow for greater understanding of content.[18] As in a traditional classroom environment, online learners may feel a need to keep the conversation going, so there is a potential for focusing on the quantity of responses over the quality of content within the response.[20] However the synchronous environment, with real-time responses, can allow for students or instructors to provide clarity to what was said, or alleviate any possible misconceptions.[16]

Along these lines and applying the two dimensions of “time distance” and “number of participants”, one can classify online distance courses into four distinct groups:[25]

  • MOOCs (massive open online courses): unlimited in the number of participants, enabling them to learn asynchronously at their own pace.
  • SMOCs (synchronous massive online courses): unlimited in the number of participants, in which students participate synchronously and in real-time.
  • SPOCs (small private online courses) number of students is limited, learning takes place in an asynchronous manner.
  • SSOCs (synchronous small online courses) number of students is limited,require participants to follow the lessons in real time.
Online

Learning management systems[edit]

Most online learning occurs through a college's or university's learning management system (LMS). A LMS is a software application for maintaining, delivering, and tracking educational resources. According to the Educause Center for Analysis and Research (ECAR) use of a LMS is nearly ubiquitous as 99% of colleges and universities report having one in place.[26] Among faculty, 87% report using a LMS and find them useful for 'enhancing teaching (74%) and student learning (71%)' [26](p. 10). Similarly, 83% of students use an LMS for their learning, with the majority (56%) using them in most or all courses.

Most institutions utilize LMSs by external vendors (77%), Blackboard currently dominates the LMS environment with an adoption rate of 31.9%, followed by Moodle at 19.1%, and Canvas at 15.3%.[27] However, in the last year Canvas, by Instructure, has gained an increasing amount of the market share (see graphic).

The graphic shows the market share of LMS across U.S. and Canadian higher education institutions

Reflecting these changes the ECAR reported that 15% of institutions are in the process of updating and/or replacing their LMS; the main reasons cited were the need to 'upgrade functions (71%), replace legacy systems (44%), and reduce costs (18%)' [26](p. 6).

ECAR's survey of institutions found that generally, both faculty and students are satisfied with the LMS; with three-quarters satisfied with the LMS for posting content (faculty) and accessing content (students).[26] In contrast, the lowest levels of satisfaction with the LMS reported by faculty were with features that allow for 'meaningful' interaction between students and their instructor, students and other students, and for study groups or collaborating on projects (p. 12). Similarly, just under half of the students surveyed reported satisfaction of the LMS for 'engaging in meaningful interactions with students' (p. 12).

While LMSs are largely being used as a repository for course materials (e.g. syllabus, learning content, etc.) and platforms for the assessment of learning, recent developments are making them more customizable through LTI standards.[26] According to a report by the Educause Learning Initiative the Next Generation Digital Learning Environment will be more responsive to students' needs creating a more customizable experience. The functional characteristics of the next generation of digital learning environments include: 'interoperability and integration; personalization; analytics, advising, and learning assessments; collaboration; and, accessibility and universal design'[28] (p. 4)

Theory[edit]

The well-known educational theorist John Dewey argued that learning occurs in collaboration with knowledgeable others.[29] Similarly, psychologist Jean Piaget noted that in order for learning to occur, the content must be meaningful to the student. Piaget's constructivist theory of learning highlighted the importance of engaged learning where meaningful discussions were held between peers.[30] The sociologist Lev Vygotsky also emphasized the importance of social interaction in learning.[31] Traditionally, in formal education this interaction occurs largely between the student and the teacher, but as students and teachers become distanced from each other in the virtual classroom, creative strategies for instruction continue to be developed.[32] While early approaches to online learning were merely an extension of independently-driven correspondence courses, today's approach to online learning focuses on engagement and active learning.

Theories of distance education are relatively new to the scene. These theories can be placed into four main categories: 1) theories of independent study (e.g. Charles Wedemeyer, Michael Moore); 2) theories of the industrialization of teaching (e.g. Otto Peters); 3) theories of interaction and communication (e.g. Borje Holmberg); and 4) a synthesis of existing theories of communication and diffusion and philosophies of education (e.g. Hilary Perraton).[33] However, the equivalency theory of distance education posits that all students should have learning experiences of equal value and that it is the responsibility of the instructional designer to create learning experiences for the distance learner that will be successful in meeting the course objectives.[33] As online education has become the dominant form of distance education, new theories are emerging that combine elements of constructivism and technology. Siemens' Connectivism 'is the integration of principles explored by chaos, network, and complexity and self-organization theories'.(p. 5[34]) Connectivism places knowledge in 'diversity of opinions' (p. 5) and that learning is aided through creating and nurturing connections of 'fields, ideas, and concepts'. (p. 5[34])

Pedagogy[edit]

Transformative learning or Transformative pedagogy 'encourages students to critically examine their assumptions, grapple with social issues, and engage in social action' ( p. 219[35]). Five suggestions for preparing the online environment for transformative pedagogy are: '(a) create a safe and inviting environment; (b) encourage students to think about their experiences, beliefs, and biases; (c) use teaching strategies that promote student engagement and participation; (d) pose real-world problems that address societal inequalities; and (e) help students implement action-oriented solutions' (p. 220[35]). There are four fundamental characteristics that may assist with the success of online instruction: (1) the learner should be actively engaged throughout the course; (2) group participation can assist with meeting course objectives; (3) frequent student-student and student-teacher interaction can alleviate the feelings of isolation; and (4) the course content should relate to the real world to enhance meaning for participants.[36] However, a student's attitude towards using technology and computers is led by the teacher's ability to impact a student's values and beliefs.[citation needed]

Online Education

Participation and interaction between participants and instructors involves significant and continuous preparation.[21] Online educators are often members of a larger team consisting of instructional and graphic designers and information technology specialists; being open to becoming a member of the team will assist in a smooth transition to online teaching.[21] There is a lack of support and training provided for teachers, hence instructors require training and support first before they can combine technology, content, and pedagogy to design courses.[37] Expectations of learners to be self-motivated, able to manage their time effectively, contribute to course discussions and have a willingness to teach others is not unlike what is expected in a traditional classroom. The instructor's role is to encourage learners to evaluate and analyze information, then connect the information to course content which may assist in learner success.[21] With the potential for learners to feel disconnected from peers within the course, the instructor will need to work to create spaces and encounters which promote socialization. A few recommendations are to create a 'student lounge' as an informal space for socialization not related to coursework.[21] Also, incorporating team projects can help alleviate feelings of isolation.[21] Video and audio components enhance connection and communication with peers, as this supports learners to expand on their responses and engage in discussions.[37] Online instructors should be cognizant of where participants are physically located; when members of the course span two or more time zones, the timing of the course can become problematic.[22] Initial preparation of an online course is often more time-consuming than preparation for the classroom. The material must be prepared and posted, in its entirety, prior to the course start.[22] In addition to preparation, faculty experienced in online instruction spend about 30% more time on courses conducted online.[22] The mentoring of novice online educators from those with experience can assist with the transition from classroom to the virtual environment.[22]

Online credentials[edit]

Online education jobs california

Online credentials for learning are digital credentials that are offered in place of traditional paper credentials for a skill or educational achievement. Directly linked to the accelerated development of internet communication technologies, the development of digital badges, electronic passports and massive open online courses (MOOCs) have a very direct bearing on our understanding of learning, recognition and levels as they pose a direct challenge to the status quo. It is useful to distinguish between three forms of online credentials: Test-based credentials, online badges, and online certificates.[38]

Sources[edit]

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 License statement/permission on Wikimedia Commons. Text taken from Level-setting and recognition of learning outcomes: The use of level descriptors in the twenty-first century, 129-131, Keevey, James, UNESCO. UNESCO.

References[edit]

Accredited Online Universities

  1. ^ abcKentnor, H. (2015). 'Distance education and the evolution of online learning in the United States'. Curriculum and Teaching Dialogue. 17: 21–34.
  2. ^See Rowan, Roy (1983). Executive Ed. at Computer U. Fortune, March 7, 1983; Feenberg, Andrew (1993). 'Building a Global Network: The WBSI Experience,' in L. Harasim, ed., Global Networks: Computerizing the International Community, MIT Press, pp. 185-197.
  3. ^ abMiller, Gary; Benke, Meg; Chaloux, Bruce; Ragan, Lawrence C.; Schroeder, Raymond; Smutz, Wayne; Swan, Karen (204). Leading the e-learning transformation of higher education. Sterling, Virginia: Stylus. ISBN978-1-57922-796-8.
  4. ^'Company Overview of Trident University International'. www.bloomberg.com.
  5. ^'Trident University International LLC Overview'. www.bbb.org.
  6. ^https://www.educause.edu/apps/er/review/reviewArticles/29626.html
  7. ^https://web.archive.org/web/19970301032852/http://www.gwu.edu/~etl/
  8. ^Radford, A.W. (2011). 'Learning at a Distance: Undergraduate Enrollment in Distance Education Courses and Degree Programs'. nces.ed.gov.
  9. ^National Center for Education Statistics (2016). 'Digest of education statistics, 2014'. nces.ed.gov. U.S. Department of Education.
  10. ^Haynie, D. (January 30, 2015). 'Experts debate graduation rates for online students'. U. S. News & World Report.
  11. ^Jazzar, M. (December 7, 2012). 'Online student retention strategies: A baker's dozen of recommendations'. Faculty Focus.
  12. ^https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/will-coronavirus-make-online-education-go-viral
  13. ^https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/opinion/college-education-coronavirus.html
  14. ^https://www.npr.org/2020/03/19/817885991/panic-gogy-teaching-online-classes-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic
  15. ^Aristovnik A, Keržič D, Ravšelj D, Tomaževič N, Umek L (October 2020). 'Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life of Higher Education Students: A Global Perspective'. Sustainability. 12 (20): 8438. doi:10.3390/su12208438.
  16. ^ abcdGiesbers, B.; Rienties, B.; Tempelaar, D.; Gijselaers, W. (2014-02-01). 'A dynamic analysis of the interplay between asynchronous and synchronous communication in online learning: The impact of motivation'. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. 30 (1): 30–50. doi:10.1111/jcal.12020. ISSN1365-2729.
  17. ^Online learning is more flexibility than traditional university college settings. March 28, 2020
  18. ^ abcStewart, Anissa R.; Harlow, Danielle B. & DeBacco, Kim (2011). 'Students' experiences of synchronous learning in distributed environments'. Distance Education. 32 (3): 357–381.
  19. ^Newlin, Timothy (14 January 2021). 'How We Navigated a Hybrid Remote Learning Environment Using Wolfram Technology'. Wolfram Blog.
  20. ^ abcdeHrastinski, Stefan (2008). 'Asynchronous and synchronous e-learning'. Educause Quarterly. 4: 51–55.
  21. ^ abcdefgHanna, Donald E.; Glowacki-Dudka, Michelle & Conceicao-Runlee, Simone (2000). 147 practical tips for teaching online groups. Madison, Wisconsin: Atwood Publishing.
  22. ^ abcdefLieblein, Edward (2000). 'Critical factors for successful delivery of online programs'. Internet and Higher Education. 3: 161–174.
  23. ^Johnson, Henry M (2007). 'Dialogue and the construction of knowledge in e-learning: Exploring students' perceptions of their learning while using Blackboard's asynchronous discussion board'(PDF). European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning. 10 (1). Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  24. ^Ho, Chia-Huan; Swan, Karen (2007). 'Evaluating online conversation in an asynchronous environment: An application of Grice's Cooperative'. Internet and Higher Education. 10 (1): 3–14.
  25. ^'Andreas Kaplan (2017) Academia Goes Social Media, MOOC, SPOC, SMOC, and SSOC: The digital transformation of Higher Education Institutions and Universities, in Bikramjit Rishi and Subir Bandyopadhyay (eds.), Contemporary Issues in Social Media Marketing, Routledge'.
  26. ^ abcdeDahlstrom, Eden; Brooks, D. Christopher; Bichsel, Jacqueline (September 17, 2014). 'The current ecosystem of Learning Management Systems in Higher Education: Student, faculty, and IT perspectives'. Educause.
  27. ^'LMS data – Spring 2016 updates'. edutechnica. March 20, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  28. ^Brown, M.; Dehoney, J.; Millichap, N. (April 27, 2015). 'The next generation digital learning environment: A report on research'. Educause.
  29. ^Dewey, John (1997) [1916]. Democracy and education: An introduction to the philosophy of education. New York: The Free Press.
  30. ^Piaget, Jean (2006) [1969]. The mechanisms of perception. Abingdon, OX: Routledge.
  31. ^Vygotsky, L. S. (1997). Rieber, R. W. (ed.). The genesis of higher mental functions. The collected works of L.S. Vygotsky. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 97–119.
  32. ^Conrad, R.-M.; Donaldson, J. A. (2004). Engaging the online learner. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  33. ^ abSimonson, M.; Smaldino, S.; Albright, M.; Zvacek, S. (203). Teaching and learning at a distance (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
  34. ^ abSiemens, George (2005). 'Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age'. International Journal of Instructional Technology & Distance Learning. 2 (1).
  35. ^ abMyers, Steven A (2008). 'Using transformative pedagogy when teaching online'. College Teaching. 56 (4): 219–224.
  36. ^McFarlane, Donovan A (2011). 'Are there differences in the organizational structure and pedagogical approach of virtual and brick-and-mortar schools?'. The Journal of Educators Online. 8 (1): 1–43.
  37. ^ abKebritchi, M.; Lipschuetz, A. & Santiague, L. (2017). 'Issues and challenges for teaching successful online courses in higher education: A literature review'. Journal of Educational Technology Systems. 46 (1): 4–29. doi:10.1177/0047239516661713.
  38. ^Keevy, James; Chakroun, Borhene (2015). Level-setting and recognition of learning outcomes: The use of level descriptors in the twenty-first century(PDF). Paris, UNESCO. pp. 129–131. ISBN978-92-3-100138-3.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Online_learning_in_higher_education&oldid=1003498336'

Highly ranked programs. World-class faculty. Flexible format.

Online

Welcome to Boston University’s online programs.

Since 2002, BU has been offering award-winning online learning programs that enable students worldwide to pursue their educational goals and earn a college degree from Boston University.

When you learn online at Boston University, you connect to world-class faculty, highly motivated students, supportive staff, and academic programs that provide specialized skills in some of the most competitive industries. Whether pursuing your master’s, completing your bachelor’s, earning a doctoral degree, or seeking a graduate certificate, Boston University offers an innovative approach to distance education, along with a deep commitment to online students and a trusted reputation.

Become part of the Boston University community—from wherever you are.

Applied Business Analytics

Art Education

Computer Information Systems

Corporate Finance

Crime Analysis

Cybersecurity & Cybercrime

Database Management & Business Intelligence

Enterprise Risk Management

Food Studies

Global Business

Health Communication

Higher Education Administration

Information Technology

Online Education Teacher

Insurance Management

Investment Analysis

Online Education Stocks

Medical Information Security & Privacy

Occupational Therapy

Public Health

Social Work

Strategic Management in Criminal Justice

Online

Taxation Law

Visual & Digital Health Communication

Web Application Development

Online Student Focus

A BU Wheelock College of Education & Human Development online student shares her experience in the course Methods in Teaching ESL (TL508).

Connect With Students Across the Globe

Experience the benefits of a global education community and interact with students in countries around the world.

3 programs ranked in the top 12 by U.S. News & World Report

3200 students currently enrolled in online programs at BU

Online Education Stocks

Over 10,000 graduates with BU degrees earned online

Online Education Masters Programs

Why Choose BU?

For more than 145 years, Boston University has been synonymous with pioneering research, academic innovation, and internationally renowned faculty and alumni. Today, BU’s online programs bring that unique experience to students worldwide.

  • BU’s award-winning online courses and programs are designed and taught by distinguished University faculty.
  • We bring together a diverse community of engaged, mature students.
  • Students benefit from the latest interactive technology and unparalleled support.
  • Upon graduation, you join BU’s network of 377,900+ alumni worldwide.

A world-class education is within reach—wherever you are. We invite you to explore our online programs.

“The mission of the Office of Distance Education is to enrich and expand Boston University’s online initiatives, delivering an unparalleled distance learning experience to students who demand expert instructional design, state-of-the-art media production, a strong sense of community, and comprehensive academic support resources.”

Online Education Resources

View all of our Awards & Accreditations.

News & Announcements

Online Education Degree

  • BU Distance Education Support Specialist Awarded for “Outstanding” Work

    June 1, 2020

    Shelby Harvey, lead faculty and student support specialist at BU MET’s Office... Read More

  • MET’s New Online Crime Analysis Programs Harness the Potential of Data

    October 1, 2019

    One of the more extraordinary aspects of modern law enforcement is the... Read More

  • BU Online Courses Recognized with Two Blackboard Awards

    October 16, 2018

    The developers and faculty of two Boston University online courses were honored... Read More